The short version of DAC fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-09-21 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide belonging to the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog family. It comprises twenty-nine amino acid residues derived from the N-terminal region of natural GHRH. The molecule incorporates several non-natural substitutions that increase resistance to enzymatic degradation. These modifications extend its activity compared with the native hormone fragment. Researchers use it to study pituitary growth hormone secretion in laboratory and clinical settings. This compound is distinct from native GHRH in its stability profile.
Two principal forms appear in the literature and in research supply. One carries a drug affinity complex, a maleimide-based group that forms a covalent bond with circulating albumin. This linkage slows clearance and produces a long-lasting elevation of peptide levels. The other form lacks that group and is often labeled MOD GRF(1-29). It has a much shorter circulation time. Both variants retain the same core receptor-binding sequence. Reported half-lives differ substantially between the two.
CJC-1295 is the name used for a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound was described by a Canadian drug discovery company in the mid-2000s as a long-acting research tool. Two closely related molecules share the name in practice: one carries a drug affinity complex, or DAC, group, and one does not. The distinction matters because the two behave differently in circulation.
The peptide backbone corresponds to GRF(1-29), the first 29 residues of native growth hormone-releasing hormone, which retains most of the receptor-activating activity of the full-length molecule. Four substitutions distinguish the analog from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes slow cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, the enzyme that degrades native hormone in plasma within minutes. The outcome is improved enzymatic stability combined with a still brief residence time when no additional modification is present.
Naming in this area is inconsistent, and readers should treat product labels with care. In much of the literature and in vendor catalogs, the unqualified term refers to the albumin-binding version, while the version lacking the DAC group appears as modified GRF(1-29), mod GRF(1-29), or the same name with a without-DAC qualifier. Because one abbreviation has been applied to both materials, the only reliable way to identify a sample is to check the stated sequence and the presence of the linker.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight, DAC form | About 3647 Da | Varies with salt form |
| Molecular weight, non-DAC form | About 3358 Da | MOD GRF(1-29) |
| Solubility class | Water soluble | Also dissolves in polar solvents |
| Reported half-life, DAC form | About five to eight days | Values from human studies |
| Common synonyms | CJC-1295; MOD GRF(1-29) | Name depends on variant |
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
The peptide binds GHRH receptors on somatotroph cells within the anterior pituitary, triggering a signalling cascade that increases growth hormone secretion. Its improved resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase IV degradation distinguishes it from the parent hormone. In the DAC-bearing version, a maleimide group reacts with a cysteine residue on serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in circulation far longer. That albumin attachment is the central design feature separating the two research variants.
Pharmacokinetic behaviour differs sharply between the two forms. The DAC-bearing peptide shows an extended circulation time measured in days, whereas the version without the complex is cleared within roughly half an hour. This gap shapes how researchers design dosing schedules in animal models. Whether the prolonged presence of the DAC form produces effects meaningfully different from the short-acting variant remains an open question, since comparative human data are scarce.
Reports on this compound commonly follow serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 across defined time windows. Protocols differ in sampling frequency, assay platform, and participant characteristics, which makes direct comparison between publications difficult. Some work focuses on pulsatile release patterns instead of average concentrations. Whether repeated exposure alters endogenous hormone rhythms over long periods remains an open question, and the formal literature is thinner than the volume of informal commentary implies.
Once in circulation, the peptide binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor displayed on pituitary somatotroph cells. Receptor activation couples to Gs proteins, elevates intracellular cyclic AMP, and drives protein kinase A signaling inside the cell. That cascade increases discharge of growth hormone into the bloodstream. The analog therefore operates through a receptor pathway that already exists for the body's own releasing hormone, rather than through an engineered artificial target.
Clearance profiles diverge sharply between the two versions. The albumin-binding molecule stays in plasma for several days, whereas the unmodified analog is largely gone within about half an hour in reported work. Cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV is a major contributor to the short life of the unmodified sequence. These gaps mean the two versions cannot be substituted for each other in study design or in reading results side by side.
Peptide degradation proceeds mainly through hydrolysis, oxidation of methionine, and deamidation of asparagine or glutamine residues. The maleimide group on the albumin-binding variant can also react with thiols or hydrolyze in aqueous media. Because these pathways accelerate with temperature and pH extremes, handling conditions strongly influence measured stability. Stability data in the public literature are limited and often generated under differing conditions, so general statements about shelf life should be read as approximate.
Research material is normally supplied as a freeze-dried powder in sealed vials. In that state the peptide is comparatively robust, but prolonged exposure to warmth, moisture, or light accelerates degradation. Storage at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower, with desiccant and protection from light, is the commonly described practice. Vials should be allowed to reach room temperature before opening to limit condensation on the powder. Moisture uptake during handling is a recognized source of variability in later measurements.
On the other hand, a similar study (Brachmachari et al.) reported no statistically significant inhibition of the lacZ reporter gene when H-DNA was inserted into the genome of mammalian COS cells. Although studies suggest regulation of H-DNA, the mechanism is still under investigation. Potaman et al. associates the mechanism of gene regulation to the interactions between the H-DNA and the TATA box found in the promoter region of Na,K-ATPase. In H-DNA formations adjacent to a TATA box, the H-DNA structure destabilizes the T-A bonds essential for transcription. The interference with the TATA box inhibits the transcriptional machinery and transcription initiation which interferes with gene expression. Other mechanisms associated with the genomic expression of a genetic sequence in the presence of H-DNA involves TFOs. In vitro studies have highlighted a decrease in gene expression in the presence of TFOs in mammalian cells. Another possible mechanism presented by Valentina et al. suggest the 13-mer AG motif oligonucleotide triplex complex (TFO complex) downregulates the transcription of mRNA through competitive inhibition. Direct inhibition of gene expression from H-DNA is key to mutagenesis, replication inhibition, and even DNA recombination in the genome.
Schober's test tests the flexion of the lower back. Multiple joint inspection Musculoskeletal Examination Screening Musculoskeletal Exam (SMSE) - a rapid assessment of structure and function General Musculoskeletal Exam (GMSE) - a comprehensive assessment of joint inflammation Regional Musculoskeletal Exam (RMSE) - focused assessments of structure, function and inflammation combined with special testing
=== Primary treatment === Primary treatment aims to remove ions, dissolved gasses, and organic contaminants from pre-treated water. In the 21st century, multiple-pass reverse osmosis is often the primary method used during this step to remove dissolved ions and dissolved organic solids. As a membrane-filtration method it also removes suspended solids as well. Reverse osmosis is often used in this step to remove both dissolved ions and dissolved organic material. Dissolved gases, including oxygen and volatile organic compounds, are removed during primary treatment by vacuum degassing or membrane degassing. Vacuum degassing towers were more common historically, but newer systems have trended towards used of membrane degasification. Ultraviolet (UV) light can used to sterilize purified water during primary treatment though UV treatment can also be left until the polishing stage.
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After fierce fighting erupted between the Druze and Maronite populations in the Mount Lebanon region in 1860, France and other Western nations then pressured the Ottomans to set up a semiautonomous region known as a Mutasarrifate. After 1861 there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian mutasarrıf, which had been created as a homeland for the Maronites under European diplomatic pressure following the 1860 massacres. Historians link the Maronite ascendancy in the Mutasarrifate to their alliance with the French and their subsequent domination of the silk trade, through the development of a Maronite bourgeoisie class. The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" which developed in Ottoman-era Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, creating one of the calmest atmospheres that Lebanon had ever lived in. The working out of this dualism greatly affected the character of independent Lebanon later. Upon the establishment of the Mutasarrifate system, the Christians and Druze groups entered in economic, political, and religious relations with Europeans rather than Ottomans. The ruling and social system in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate was formed from the Maronite-Druze dualism, and the security stability and Druze-Maronite coexistence in the Mutasarrifate allowed the development of the economy and the system of government.
The FDA carries out research and development activities to develop technology and standards that support its regulatory role, with the objective of resolving scientific and technical challenges before they become impediments. The FDA's research efforts include the areas of biologics, medical devices, drugs, women's health, toxicology, food safety and applied nutrition, and veterinary medicine.
== External links == AMS Facilities of the World at the Wayback Machine (archived 4 March 2016), compiled by Walter Kutschera (to the best of his knowledge), VERA Lab, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Austria.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Genome == A chromosome-level genome assembly of Acheta domesticus was reported in 2023, providing the first high-quality genomic resource for this species. The assembled genome provides a reference for studies of insect development, physiology, and the use of crickets as sustainable food and feed. Earlier transcriptomic analyses across life stages supported gene discovery and functional annotation in A. domesticus, enabling investigations of metabolism, immunity, and growth.
=== Recruitment and spending policy === Youth development and scouring for talent abroad is central to Wenger's recruitment policy. He relies on a network of scouts and personal contacts to find and attract talented footballers to play under him. Wenger's strategy is aided by data; for instance, the decision to sign Flamini in 2004 came about as he was looking at statistics to find an understudy to Vieira. To examine the mental state of a young footballer, he uses psychometric tests conducted by psychologist Jacques Crevoisier once every two years. Wenger prides himself on nurturing talent, saying in an interview: "I believe one of the best things about managing people is that we can influence lives in a positive way. That's basically what a manager is about. When I can do that, I am very happy". In his early managerial years, Wenger recognised the potential of football in Africa, which influenced his transfer dealings at Monaco. On the recommendation of Claude Le Roy, he signed Liberian George Weah, who later became the first African to be named FIFA World Player of the Year. Weah, while receiving his award from FIFA president João Havelange and vice-president Lennart Johansson invited Wenger up to the stage, spontaneously giving his medal to the manager, as a token of his appreciation. During his final years at Monaco, Wenger worked with Roger Mendy, a Senegalese defender regarded in 1991 as one of the ten best African footballers by France Football, and Nigerian Victor Ikpeba, a forward who earnt the accolade of African Player of the Year.
== All-Star Games == Prior to the 2021 reorganization of the minor leagues, each of the active Double-A leagues held its own midseason All-Star Game. From 1991 to 2002, the three combined to hold the Double-A All-Star Game between teams of American League-affiliated All-Stars and National League-affiliated All-Stars. After the start of the 2021 minor league season was delayed by a month, team schedules were released without a break for an all-star game.
The global annual production of freshwater prawns (excluding crayfish and crabs) in 2007 was about 460,000 tonnes, exceeding 1.86 billion dollars. Additionally, China produced about 370,000 tonnes of Chinese river crab. In addition astaciculture is the freshwater farming of crayfish (mostly in the US, Australia, and Europe).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone. The molecule is used in research on pituitary growth hormone secretion. It differs from the natural hormone through several stabilizing substitutions.
The DAC form carries a maleimide group that binds albumin and extends circulation time. The non-DAC form lacks this group and clears much faster. Both share the same receptor-binding core.
It targets the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotroph cells. Activation raises cyclic AMP and promotes growth hormone release. Normal feedback pathways remain part of the response.
No. It is a laboratory-made analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone. The natural hormone is a 44-residue peptide, while the analog is built on a shorter 29-residue fragment.